发布:2021/7/31 17:44:04作者:管理员 来源:本站 浏览次数:1343
SpringMVC Api接口版本控制
1. 问题
后端服务在提供api接口时,随着业务的变化,原有的接口很有可能不能满足现有的需求。在无法修改原有接口的情况下,只能提供一个新版本的接口来开放新的业务能力。
区分不同版本的api接口的方式有多种,其中一种简单通用的方式是在uri中添加版本的标识,例如/api/v1/user,api/v3/user。通过v+版本号来指定不同版本的api接口。在后端服务的代码中,可以将版本号直接写入代码中,例如,user接口提供两个入口方法,url mapping分别指定为/api/v1/user和/api/v2/user。
这种方式主要有几个缺陷:
通常为了统一控制,调用方会使用统一一个版本来调用接口。如果后端服务在升级接口的版本时,实际只需要变更其中几个接口的逻辑,其余接口只能通过添加新的mapping来完成升级。
接口的优先匹配,当调用高版本的api接口时,理论应该访问当前最高版本的接口,例如,如果当前整体api版本为4,但是实际上/user接口的mapping配置最高版本为v2,这时使用v4或者v2调用/user接口时,都应该返回/v2/user的结果。
2. 解决方式
为了较好地解决上面的问题,需要从SpringMVC对uri映射到接口的逻辑做一个扩展。
2.1 SpringMVC映射请求到处理方法的过程
SpringMVC处理请求分发的过程中主要的几个类为:
HandlerMapping: 定义根据请求获取处理当期请求的HandlerChain的getHandler方法,其中包括实际处理逻辑的handler对象和拦截器
AbstractHandlerMapping: 实现HandlerMapping接口的抽象类,在getHandler方法实现了拦截器的初始化和handler对象获取,其中获取handler对象的getHandlerInternal方法为抽象方法,由子类实现
AbstractHandlerMethodMapping<T>: 继承AbstractHandlerMapping,定义了method handler映射关系,每一个method handler都一个唯一的T关联
RequestMappingInfoHandlerMapping: 继承``AbstractHandlerMethodMapping<RequestMappingInfo>`,定义了RequestMappingInfo与method handler的关联关系
RequestMappingInfo: 包含各种匹配规则RequestCondition,请求到method的映射规则信息都包含在这个对象中,
Condition 说明
PatternsRequestCondition url匹配规则
RequestMethodsRequestCondition http方法匹配规则,例如GET,POST等
ParamsRequestCondition 参数匹配规则
HeadersRequestCondition http header匹配规则
ConsumesRequestCondition 请求Content-Type头部的媒体类型匹配规则
ProducesRequestCondition 请求Accept头部媒体类型匹配规则
RequestCondition 自定义condition
RequestMappingHandlerMapping: 继承RequestMappingInfoHandlerMapping,处理方法的@ReqeustMapping注解,将其与method handler与@ReqeustMapping注解构建的RequestMappingInfo关联
2.1.1 Spring初始化RequestMappingInfo与handler的关系
Spring在初始化RequestMappingHandlerMappingBean的时候,会初始化Controller的方法与RequestMappingInfo的映射关系并缓存,方便请求过来时,查询使用。
RequestMappingHandlerMapping实现了InitializingBean接口(父类实现),接口说明如下:
/**
* Interface to be implemented by beans that need to react once all their
* properties have been set by a BeanFactory: for example, to perform custom
* initialization, or merely to check that all mandatory properties have been set.
*/
public interface InitializingBean {
/**
* BeanFactory初始化bean的属性完成后会调用当前方法
*/
void afterPropertiesSet() throws Exception;
}
当RequestMappingHandlerMappingBean属性初始化完成之后,BeanFactory对调用afterPropertiesSet方法:
@Override
public void afterPropertiesSet() {
//初始化handler methods
initHandlerMethods();
}
protected void initHandlerMethods() {
...
// 查询所有bean,分别检测是否有@Controller和@RequestMapping配置
String[] beanNames = (this.detectHandlerMethodsInAncestorContexts ?
BeanFactoryUtils.beanNamesForTypeIncludingAncestors(obtainApplicationContext(), Object.class) :
obtainApplicationContext().getBeanNamesForType(Object.class));
for (String beanName : beanNames) {
if (!beanName.startsWith(SCOPED_TARGET_NAME_PREFIX)) {
Class<?> beanType = null;
try {
beanType = obtainApplicationContext().getType(beanName);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
// An unresolvable bean type, probably from a lazy bean - let's ignore it.
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Could not resolve target class for bean with name '" + beanName + "'", ex);
}
}
// 只处理注解了@Controller或@RequestMapping,@RestController、@GetMapping等也
// 符合条件
if (beanType != null && isHandler(beanType)) {
// 检测Mapping并注册
detectHandlerMethods(beanName);
}
}
}
// 空实现
handlerMethodsInitialized(getHandlerMethods());
}
detectHandlerMethods方法会将Controller中所以可以检测到RequestCondition的方法抽取出来,并将包含RequestCondition集合的对象RequestMappingInfo一起注册,RequestCondition集合包括所有配置的规则,例如:
@RequestMapping(value = "/test", method = RequestMethod.GET, consumes = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE)
detectHandlerMethods方法:
protected void detectHandlerMethods(final Object handler) {
// handlerType有可能是beanName,获取bean实例
Class<?> handlerType有可能是beanName = (handler instanceof String ?
obtainApplicationContext().getType((String) handler) : handler.getClass());
if (handlerType != null) {
// 获取实际的Controller Class对象,处理CGLIB代理类的情况,拿到被代理的Class对象
final Class<?> userType = ClassUtils.getUserClass(handlerType);
Map<Method, T> methods = MethodIntrospector.selectMethods(userType,
(MethodIntrospector.MetadataLookup<T>) method -> {
try {
// 实际获取RequestMappingInfo
return getMappingForMethod(method, userType);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Invalid mapping on handler class [" +
userType.getName() + "]: " + method, ex);
}
});
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug(methods.size() + " request handler methods found on " + userType + ": " + methods);
}
methods.forEach((method, mapping) -> {
Method invocableMethod = AopUtils.selectInvocableMethod(method, userType);
// 注册RequestMappingInfo和method的关联关系
registerHandlerMethod(handler, invocableMethod, mapping);
});
}
}
getMappingForMethod方法中,将方法与类中的@RequestMapping注解信息结合,同时获取用户自定义的RequestCondition,将所有的condition组合成一个RequestMappingInfo返回,获取不到则返回null。
protected RequestMappingInfo getMappingForMethod(Method method, Class<?> handlerType) {
// 获取方法的RequestMappingInfo,包括自定义的RequestCondition
RequestMappingInfo info = createRequestMappingInfo(method);
if (info != null) {
// 获取类的RequestMappingInfo,包括自定义的RequestCondition
RequestMappingInfo typeInfo = createRequestMappingInfo(handlerType);
if (typeInfo != null) {
info = typeInfo.combine(info);
}
}
return info;
}
// 获取RequestMappingInfo
private RequestMappingInfo createRequestMappingInfo(AnnotatedElement element) {
// 获取@RequestMapping注解
RequestMapping requestMapping = AnnotatedElementUtils.findMergedAnnotation(element, RequestMapping.class);
// 获取自定义的RequestCondition
RequestCondition<?> condition = (element instanceof Class ?
getCustomTypeCondition((Class<?>) element) : getCustomMethodCondition((Method) element));
// 组合自定义的RequestCondition与@RequestMapping的信息返回RequestMappingInfo
return (requestMapping != null ? createRequestMappingInfo(requestMapping, condition) : null);
}
2.1.2 Spring根据mapping关系查询处理请求的方法
主要功能入口在AbstractHandlerMethodMapping的lookupHandlerMethod方法,首先根据上一节注册的@RequestMapping配置的uri直接查询是否有对应的处理方法,如果查询不到,例如url配置中有占位符,不能直接匹配上,则遍历Mapping缓存查询:
protected HandlerMethod lookupHandlerMethod(String lookupPath, HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
List<Match> matches = new ArrayList<>();
// 1.直接根据url查询关联
List<T> directPathMatches = this.mappingRegistry.getMappingsByUrl(lookupPath);
if (directPathMatches != null) {
addMatchingMappings(directPathMatches, matches, request);
}
if (matches.isEmpty()) {
// 2.直接根据url查询不到,遍历映射缓存,确认是否有匹配的handler方法
addMatchingMappings(this.mappingRegistry.getMappings().keySet(), matches, request);
}
// 3.如果有多个匹配,根据规则做一个排序,拿最佳匹配的handler,如果无法区分就会报错
...
}
在步骤2中,会将缓存中的RequestMappingInfo查询出来,并对当前HttpServletRequest做一个匹配,主要逻辑是使用RequestMappingInfo中保存的各种RequestCondition匹配当前请求,也包括自定义的RequestCondition,返回匹配结果,主要的方法为RequestMappingInfo的getMatchingCondition:
public RequestMappingInfo getMatchingCondition(HttpServletRequest request) {
// 使用当前对象保存的RequestMethodsRequestCondition信息匹配request
RequestMethodsRequestCondition methods = this.methodsCondition.getMatchingCondition(request);
// 使用当前对象保存的ParamsRequestCondition信息匹配request
ParamsRequestCondition params = this.paramsCondition.getMatchingCondition(request);
HeadersRequestCondition headers = this.headersCondition.getMatchingCondition(request);
ConsumesRequestCondition consumes = this.consumesCondition.getMatchingCondition(request);
ProducesRequestCondition produces = this.producesCondition.getMatchingCondition(request);
if (methods == null || params == null || headers == null || consumes == null || produces == null) {
return null;
}
PatternsRequestCondition patterns = this.patternsCondition.getMatchingCondition(request);
if (patterns == null) {
return null;
}
// 使用当前对象保存的自定义的RequestCondition信息匹配request
RequestConditionHolder custom = this.customConditionHolder.getMatchingCondition(request);
if (custom == null) {
return null;
}
// 如果匹配,返回匹配的结果
return new RequestMappingInfo(this.name, patterns,
methods, params, headers, consumes, produces, custom.getCondition());
}
将请求分发到具体的Controller方法的逻辑主要是初始化过程中注册的Mapping缓存(RequestMappingInfo)查找与匹配的过程,RequestMappingInfo中包含各种RequestCondition,包括参数、HTTP方法、媒体类型等规则的匹配,同时还包含了一个自定义的RequestCondition的扩展,如果想要增加自定义的Request匹配规则,就可以从这里入手。
2.2 自定义RequestCondition实现版本控制
RequestCondition定义:
public interface RequestCondition<T> {
/**
* 同另一个condition组合,例如,方法和类都配置了@RequestMapping的url,可以组合
*/
T combine(T other);
/**
* 检查request是否匹配,可能会返回新建的对象,例如,如果规则配置了多个模糊规则,可能当前请求
* 只满足其中几个,那么只会返回这几个条件构建的Condition
*/
@Nullable
T getMatchingCondition(HttpServletRequest request);
/**
* 比较,请求同时满足多个Condition时,可以区分优先使用哪一个
*/
int compareTo(T other, HttpServletRequest request);
}
同@RequestMapping一样,我们同样定义一个自定义注解,来保存接口方法的规则信息:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.METHOD})
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Documented
public @interface ApiVersion {
// 定义接口的版本号
int value() default 1;
}
自定义一个新的RequestCondition:
public class ApiVersionRequestCondition implements RequestCondition<ApiVersionRequestCondition> {
// 用于匹配request中的版本号 v1 v2
private static final Pattern VERSION_PATTERN = Pattern.compile("/v(\\d+).*");
// 保存当前的版本号
private int version;
// 保存所有接口的最大版本号
private static int maxVersion = 1;
public ApiVersionRequestCondition(int version) {
this.version = version;
}
@Override
public ApiVersionRequestCondition combine(ApiVersionRequestCondition other) {
// 上文的getMappingForMethod方法中是使用 类的Condition.combine(方法的condition)的结果
// 确定一个方法的condition,所以偷懒的写法,直接返回参数的版本,可以保证方法优先,可以优化
// 在condition中增加一个来源于类或者方法的标识,以此判断,优先整合方法的condition
return new ApiVersionRequestCondition(other.version);
}
@Override
public ApiVersionRequestCondition getMatchingCondition(HttpServletRequest request) {
// 正则匹配请求的uri,看是否有版本号 v1
Matcher matcher = VERSION_PATTERN.matcher(request.getRequestURI());
if (matcher.find()) {
String versionNo = matcher.group(1);
int version = Integer.valueOf(versionNo);
// 超过当前最大版本号或者低于最低的版本号均返回不匹配
if (version <= maxVersion && version >= this.version) {
return this;
}
}
return null;
}
@Override
public int compareTo(ApiVersionRequestCondition other, HttpServletRequest request) {
// 以版本号大小判定优先级,越高越优先
return other.version - this.version;
}
public int getVersion() {
return version;
}
public static void setMaxVersion(int maxVersion) {
ApiVersionRequestCondition.maxVersion = maxVersion;
}
}
因为默认的RequestMappingHandlerMapping实现只有一个空的获取自定义RequestCondition的实现,所以需要继承实现:
public class ApiHandlerMapping extends RequestMappingHandlerMapping {
private int latestVersion = 1;
@Override
protected RequestCondition<?> getCustomTypeCondition(Class<?> handlerType) {
// 判断是否有@ApiVersion注解,构建基于@ApiVersion的RequestCondition
ApiVersionRequestCondition condition = buildFrom(AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(handlerType, ApiVersion.class));
// 保存最大版本号
if (condition != null && condition.getVersion() > latestVersion) {
ApiVersionRequestCondition.setMaxVersion(condition.getVersion());
}
return condition;
}
@Override
protected RequestCondition<?> getCustomMethodCondition(Method method) {
// 判断是否有@ApiVersion注解,构建基于@ApiVersion的RequestCondition
ApiVersionRequestCondition condition = buildFrom(AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(method, ApiVersion.class));
// 保存最大版本号
if (condition != null && condition.getVersion() > latestVersion) {
ApiVersionRequestCondition.setMaxVersion(condition.getVersion());
}
return condition;
}
private ApiVersionRequestCondition buildFrom(ApiVersion apiVersion) {
return apiVersion == null ? null : new ApiVersionRequestCondition(apiVersion.value());
}
}
在SpringBoot项目中增加Config,注入自定义的ApiHandlerMapping:
@Configuration
public class Config extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport {
@Override
public RequestMappingHandlerMapping requestMappingHandlerMapping() {
ApiHandlerMapping handlerMapping = new ApiHandlerMapping();
handlerMapping.setOrder(0);
handlerMapping.setInterceptors(getInterceptors());
return handlerMapping;
}
}
自定义Contoller测试:
@RestController
@ApiVersion
// 在url中增加一个占位符,用于匹配未知的版本 v1 v2...
@RequestMapping("/api/{version}")
public class Controller {
@GetMapping("/user/{id}")
@ApiVersion(2)
public Result<User> getUser(@PathVariable("id") String id) {
return new Result<>("0", "get user V2 :" + id, new User("user2_" + id, 20));
}
@GetMapping("/user/{id}")
@ApiVersion(4)
public Result<User> getUserV4(@PathVariable("id") String id) {
return new Result<>("0", "get user V4 :" + id, new User("user4_" + id, 20));
}
@GetMapping("/cat/{id}")
public Result<User> getCatV1(@PathVariable("id") String id) {
return new Result<>("0", "get cat V1 :" + id, new User("cat1_" + id, 20));
}
@GetMapping("/dog/{id}")
public Result<User> getDogV1(@PathVariable("id") String id) {
return new Result<>("0", "get dog V3 :" + id, new User("dog1_" + id, 20));
}
}
// Result定义
public class Result<T> {
private String code;
private String msg;
private T data;
public Result() {
}
public Result(String code, String msg, T data) {
this.code = code;
this.msg = msg;
this.data = data;
}
public String getCode() {
return code;
}
public void setCode(String code) {
this.code = code;
}
public String getMsg() {
return msg;
}
public void setMsg(String msg) {
this.msg = msg;
}
public T getData() {
return data;
}
public void setData(T data) {
this.data = data;
}
}
项目启动后,访问接口请求:
/api/v1/user/123
result: 404
/api/v2/user/123
result: {"code":"0","msg":"get user V2 :123","data":{"name":"user2_123","age":20}}
/api/v3/user/123
result: {"code":"0","msg":"get user V2 :123","data":{"name":"user2_123","age":20}}
/api/v4/user/123
result: {"code":"0","msg":"get user V4 :123","data":{"name":"user4_123","age":20}}
/api/v5/user/123
result: 404
/api/v1/cat/123
result: {"code":"0","msg":"get cat V1 :123","data":{"name":"cat1_123","age":20}}
/api/v2/cat/123
result: 404
/api/v1/dog/123
result: {"code":"0","msg":"get dog V3 :123","data":{"name":"dog1_123","age":20}}
/api/v2/dog/123
result: 404
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